![]() ![]() ![]() Duckworth (1977) enlarges Betz's scheme by the type "partial substitution" and supplements the system with English terms. The basic theoretical statements all take Betz's nomenclature as their starting point. The studies by Werner Betz (1971, 1901), Einar Haugen (1958, also 1956), and Uriel Weinreich (1963) are regarded as the classical theoretical works on loan influence. Loanwords are adapted from one language to another in a variety of ways. In particular, many come from French cuisine ( crêpe, Chantilly, crème brûlée), Italian ( pasta, linguine, pizza, espresso), and Chinese ( dim sum, chow mein, wonton). Many loanwords come from prepared food, drink, fruits, vegetables, seafood and more from languages around the world. Much of the terminology of the sport of fencing also comes from French. Most of the technical vocabulary of classical music (such as concerto, allegro, tempo, aria, opera, and soprano) is borrowed from Italian, and that of ballet from French. However, the meaning of these terms is reasonably well-defined only in second language acquisition or language replacement events, when the native speakers of a certain source language (the substrate) are somehow compelled to abandon it for another target language (the superstrate). The terms substrate and superstrate are often used when two languages interact. Īlthough colloquial and informal register loanwords are typically spread by word-of-mouth, technical or academic loanwords tend to be first used in written language, often for scholarly, scientific, or literary purposes. Loans of multi-word phrases, such as the English use of the French term déjà vu, are known as adoptions, adaptations, or lexical borrowings. The word calque is a loanword from the French noun calque ("tracing imitation close copy") while the word loanword and the phrase loan translation are calques of the German nouns Lehnwort and Lehnübersetzung. Loanwords, in contrast, are not translated.Įxamples of loanwords in the English language include café (from French café, which means "coffee"), bazaar (from Persian bāzār, which means "market"), and kindergarten (from German Kindergarten, which literally means "children's garden"). However, often the adaptation is incomplete, so loanwords may conserve specific features distinguishing them from native words of the target language: loaned phonemes and sound combinations, partial or total conserving of the original spelling, foreign plural or case forms or indeclinability.Ī loanword is distinguished from a calque (or loan translation), which is a word or phrase whose meaning or idiom is adopted from another language by word-for-word translation into existing words or word-forming roots of the recipient language. When a loanword is fully adapted to the rules of the target language, it is distinguished from native words of the target language only by its origin. Additionally, loanwords may be adapted to the phonology, phonotactics, orthography, and morphology of the target language (as for example through the law of Hobson-Jobson). Loanwords from languages with different scripts are usually transliterated (between scripts), but they are not translated. This is in contrast to cognates, which are words in two or more languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin and calques, which involve translation. A loanword (also a loan word, loan-word, or borrowing) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient language, also called the target language). ![]()
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